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Sivakasi riots of 1899
The Sivakasi riots of 1899 are a series of communal disturbances which occurred during 6 June 1899 in Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India.
==Background==
The Nadar historian Samuel Sarugunar claimed that the Nadars are the descendants of the ancient rulers of Cheran, Cholan and Pandyan kingdoms and that when Nayak rulers captured the Pandya country, they divided the country into several ''Palayams'' (divisions) and appointed Palaiyakkars as rulers. The Nayaks rulers of Tamil Nadu, as per the claims of Sargunar, imposed ''Deshaprashtam'' (ostracism) on the ancient Pandyas (Nadars), to ensure that their rise wouldn't ever happen.〔(www.hindu.com )〕〔() Gazetteers of India Tamil Nadu state: Thoothukudi district by Sinnakani: Copyrighted by the Government of Tamil Nadu,Commissioner of archives and Historical Research Page 233-242〕〔History of Tamil Nadu, 1565-1982 Page 277 By K. Rajayyan〕〔() Deccan Chronicle March 1st 2007〕 These claims are,however, not baseless. The traditions followed by the Nelamaikkarars and the existence of the ruins beneath the Teri palmrya forests of Tiruchendur and ancient Pandyan capital city of Korkai, where the Nadar population is predominant, suggest they could very well be the heir of the Early Pandyas.〔() Caste in Indian politics By Rajani Kothari Page103-104〕 The two inscriptions at Kalladaikurichi suggest that in medieval times the Nadars served as administrators and accountants both in Chera and Pandya countries.〔〔 However, there is little evidence to suggest that the Nadars were indeed the descendants of the ancient Chera,Chola and Pandya kings.〔 This belief, that the Nadars had been the kings of Tamil Nadu, became the dogma of the Nadar community in the 19th century.〔 The Nadars were a community mostly engaged in the palmyra industry, including the production of toddy and were therefore considered lower than other middle castes, but relatively much higher than the low castes in the 19th century. A small endogamanous group of aristocratic Nadars, known as Nelamaikkarars, were wealthy landlords.〔(Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr.(1969) The Nadars of Tamilnad )〕〔(Bishop Stephen Neill: from Edinburgh to South India By Dyron B. Daughrity )〕
Some Nadar traders migrated to northern Tirunelveli and Virudhunagar to settle down in these regions. In course of time, these Nadars (Northern Nadars) became commercially skilled and therefore became upwardly mobile in the late 19th century. Mercantilism played crucial roles in facilitating their upward mobility. As the wealth of the Northern Nadars increased, they gradually began to adopt the customs of the North Indian Kshtriyas in order to improve their social status as well. This process is known as Sanskritisation. They also tried to disassociate themselves from their Nadar climber counterparts and many began to adopt the title ‘Nadan’, a title which was before only used by the aristocratic Nelamaikkarars. To punctuate their wealthy and powerful position in the society, the Nadars of Sivakasi hired Maravars as their palanquin bearers. The upward mobility and kshatriya pretensions of the Nadars of Six towns of Ramanad caused resentment among, castes above them, the Vellalars and especially the Maravars,the military caste just above the Nadars.〔() Society in India: Change and continuity By David Goodman Mandelbaum〕〔() State and Society in India By A.R.〕 Part of this change in the Nadar community resulted in some of them converting to Christianity, both Catholicism and Protestantism. However, a majority of almost 90% remained Hindus.
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